History of human evolution
Human evolution is a process of evolution that led to the emergence of humans from the evolutionary history of apes - especially Homo species - to the emergence of Homo sapiens as a separate species of the hominid family. Big monkeys. This process involved the gradual development of traits such as human bipedalism and language, as well as the reproduction of other hominins, showing that human evolution was not lines but a network.Genetic research shows that primates originated from other mammals about 85 million years ago, during the Late Cretaceous, and that the first fossils appeared in the Paleocene, 55 million years ago. Small families of Hominine (African monkeys) differed from Ponginians (orangutans) about 14 million years ago; The hominin tribes (including humans, Australopithecus, and chimpanzees) split from the gorilla (gorilla) 8 million to 9 million years ago, and again the hominin (humans and extinct ancestors) and panina (chimpanzees) separated 4-7 million years ago.Getting evolution is an integral part of modern scientific explanation of the natural world by listening to an antonymous word by clicking on this icon. Most of the scholars and major religions of the Western world have long been involved in understanding nature and humanity. Some churches argue that there was a special and independent creature of all living things and that species evolved from one generation to the next. These "creationists" often share the belief in the widely preserved Judeo-Christian Bible, even by scholars in the early 19th century and earlier.Traditional Judeo-Christian Genre Click on this icon to hear a previous statement strongly opposed by James Usher Click on this icon to hear the name of the 17th Anglican Archbishop of Armagh. After counting the generations of the Bible and adding them to modern history, he set the date of creation at October 23, 4004, in Usher's lifetime, the controversy was more about the details of his statistics than the road. Doctors in England, Charles Lightfoot of Cambridge University delivered his final speech. He said that the time of creation was in BC. 9 a.m. October 23 at 11:44 p.m.The belief that the earth and life on it are only 6,000 years old fits perfectly with the prevailing view of the "great chain of beings." This indicates that God created the chain of infinite and continuous living beings, each moving from the simplest to the most complex, and that all living things, including humans, were created in an existing system and have not changed since. Given this strong belief then, it is not surprising that European biology in the 17th and 18th centuries contained mostly explanations for plants and animals, as they did not attempt to explain how this happened.
Scattering of modern Homo
sapiens
Anatomical changes
The emergence of humans from the first separation from the last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees is reflected in many changes in behavior, development, physical, and behavior. The most important of these changes are bipedalism, increased brain size, increased genesis (pregnancy and childhood), and decreased sexual dimorphism. The relationship between these changes is the subject of constant debate.
Bipedalism
Bipedalism is a major hominid attitude and is considered to be the main reason for the list of bone changes shared by all bipedal hominids. The first hominin, the first bipedalism is considered to be Sahelanthropus or Orrorin, which originated six to seven million years ago. The sidewalk of non-running knees, gorillas and chimpanzees, over time move away from the hominin line, so Sahelanthropus or Orrin can be our last ancestor. Ardipithecus, a full-fledged beep, appeared about 5.6 million years ago.
The first goat eventually turned into Australopithecus and
later became a Homo breed. There are many theories about the importance of
adapting to bipedalism. Bipedalism may have been popular because it freed
hands from accessing and processing food, saving energy on the move, allowing
long-distance running and hunting, providing a visual role, and helping to
prevent hyperthermia by reducing direct sunlight by reducing all areas under
the sun. In forests built as a result of the rise of the East African Rift
Valley compared to the previous indoor forest settlement. A 2007 study
confirmed the hypothesis that two-foot walking, or bipedalism, arose because it
consumed less energy than fist walking. However, according to a
recent study, pepper without the ability to use fire will not allow global
warming. This change in gait considered extending the legs evenly over the
length of the arms, which was done briefly to remove the need for
brachiation. Another change is the shape of the big toe. Recent
studies have shown that Australopithecines survive in trees for at least half
an hour due to the preservation of their big toes. It was gradually lost
in Habilin.
Naturally, the onset of bipedalism is accompanied by a large
number of bone changes, not only in the legs and thighs, but also in the spine,
legs and feet, and skull. The thigh force is transformed into a more
angular position to move gravity to the center of the geometric body. The
knee and ankle joints are strengthened to better maintain weight gain. To
increase the weight on each vertebra in a straight line, the column of the
human spine became S, while the lumbar vertebrae became shorter and
wider. The big toe of the foot was extended directly to the other toes to
help move. The arms and legs are shorter than the legs, making it easier
to jog. The foramen magnum moved down and in front of the skull.
Encephalization
Eventually, the human species formed a brain much larger than that of other puppies - usually 1,330 cm3 of modern humans, almost three times the size of a chimpanzee or gorilla's brain. After a period of stasis with Australopithecus anamensis and Ardipithecus, species that had smaller brains due to pedal extinction began to focus on Homo habilis, which has a 600 cm3 (37 kW) brain that was larger than that of monkeys. This evolution continued in Homo erectus at 800-1,100 cm3 (49-67 km) and reached 1,200-1,900 cm3 (73-116 cubic meters) before the Neanderthals, far exceeding Homo sapiens today. This increase in brain activity is clearly felt during postnatal brain development, which is much higher than in other monkeys (heterochromia). It also gave young people more time to learn about society and language, two million years ago.
In addition, changes in the structure of the human brain can
be far more important than growth.
The temporal lobe, consisting of language processing
centers, is unevenly enlarged, for example, the frontal cortex, which is
associated with difficult decision-making and control of social
behavior. Encephalitis is associated with an increase in meat and starch
in food and the development of cooking, and it is suggested that intelligence
should be increased in response to the growing need to solve social problems. Changes
in the morphology of the skull, such as minimal flexibility and empowered
riding of the muscle, allowed the brain to grow more space.
Sexual dimorphism
However, men retain some gender dimorphism in terms of body
hair and lower fat distribution, and at full size, men are about 15% older than
women. These collective changes have been interpreted as focusing more on
mating as a possible solution to the growing need for parental investment
caused by long-term birth rates.
Genetic revolution
Genetic modification in evolutionary studies began when Vincent Sarich and Alan Wilson measured the immunological cross-response of blood serum albumin between two creatures, humans and African apes (chimpanzees and gorillas). The ability to respond can be demonstrated numerically as an immunological factor equal to the number of differences in amino acids between homologous proteins of different species. By creating an ID curve for a pair of species at the time of mineral registration, the data can be used as a molecular clock to measure the duration of a pair of bad or unknown mineral records.
In a 1967 paper in science, Sariah and Wilson estimated the
time of human-ape interaction from four to five million years ago, at a time
when the standard translation of record records provided for this option for at
least 10-30 million years. The subsequent discovery of the fossils,
especially Lucy, and the re-translation of the fossils, namely Grammaticus,
showed that the young man had correctly evaluated them and confirmed the
albumin path. Advances in DNA sequencing, particularly mitochondrial DNA
(mtDNA) and subsequent Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA), have improved the
understanding of human origin. The use of the molecular clock system has
significantly changed the study of cell evolution.
Based on separations from 10 to 20 years with orangutans,
according to previous Molecular Clock Studies, there were approximately 76
mutations in each generation that human offspring could inherit from their
parents; This evidence supports the time difference between hominins and
chimpanzees. However, a 2012 study in Iceland in which 78 children and
their parents participated found a rate of conversion of only 36 mutations per
generation; These data increased the gap between humans and chimpanzees
(Ma) more than 7 million years ago. According to further studies of 226
generations of wild chimpanzees in eight regions, grandparents give birth at an
average age of 26.5 years; Indicating human evolution from apes occurred 7
to 13 million years ago. And according to these data, Ardipithecus (4.5
Ma), Orrorin (6 Ma) and Sahelanthropus (7 Ma),
In addition, two genetic analyzes in 2006 confirmed that
since human origins began in chimpanzees, "proto-humans" and
"pro-chimpanzees" have interfered with each other, although they are
often sufficient to mutate certain genes. Genetics in the New Basin.
A new comparison of the human genome with chimpanzees
suggests that after splitting into two lines, they may begin to
reproduce. The main finding is that the X chromosomes in humans and
chimpanzees appear about 1.2 million years later than other chromosomes.
Human raid
Subsequently, genetics is used to investigate and solve these problems. According to the Sahara Pump theory, evidence indicates that the Homo species has appeared in Africa at least three or four times (e.g., Homo erectus, Homo Heidelbergenesis, and two-three Homo sapiens). Recent evidence suggests that this dispersion is closely related to the changing timing of climate change.
According to recent evidence, people may have left Africa
half a year earlier. A French-Indian joint team found human art in the
north of New Delhi at least 2.6 million years ago. This is the first
discovery of the Homo variety in Dmanisi, Georgia, which is 1.85 million years
old. Despite the controversy, the tools found in the China Cave reinforce
the idea that people used the tools 2.48 million years ago. This suggests
that the culture of the Asian "Chopper" tools, found in Java and
northern China, may have originated in Africa before the advent of the hand ax.
Scattering of modern Homo sapiens
Prior to the existence of genetic evidence, there were two distinct forms of modern human distribution. The multi-country hypothesis suggests that the genus Homo contains only a combined population as it is today (not a diverse species), and that its emergence occurred around the world in the last few years. This model was introduced in 1988 by Milford H. Wolf off. In contrast, according to the model of "African descent", H. modern sapiens, which was introduced to Africa recently (e.g., about 200,000 years ago) and then migrated through Eurasia, led to the full use of other Homo species. This model was created by Chris B. Stringer and Peter Andrews.
The MtDNA and Y-DNA sequences, taken from indigenous peoples, revealed ancestral details related to the inheritance of males and females, and reinforced the theory of "African descent" and also reduced the theory of evolution. Along with genetic variation, it has been interpreted as supporting one of the more recent sources. The analysis showed significant variability in DNA patterns throughout Africa, consistent with the view that Africa is the ancestor of Eve's mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal Adam ancestors, and that modern-day human raids in Africa have only occurred over the years.
Breeding of Inter species
The Reproductive Hypothesis, also known as the Hybridization, Mixture, or Hybrid Theory theory, has been debated since the discovery of Neanderthal fossils in the 19th century. The direct view of human evolution was abandoned in the 19s of the last centuries, with the discovery of a variety of people, which made direct thinking difficult. In the 21st century, with the advent of molecular biology and computer programming, a sequence of the Neanderthal gene with the human genome has been performed, confirming the recent dependence of different species. Today, approximately 1970% of the DNA for all non-Africans (including Europeans, Asians, and Oceans) is Neanderthal, with traces of Denisovani's heritage. Also, 21-2% of modern melanin genes are denizens. Comparison of human genes with Neanderthals, With the genes of dinosaurs and monkeys can help us identify the characteristics that distinguish modern humans from other types of hominins. In a 4-year genomics comparison study, the Harvard Medical School / UCLA research team developed a global distribution map and made several predictions about how the Denisovan and Neanderthal genes could influence modern human biology.
For example, comparative studies conducted in mid-2010
revealed neurological, immunological, developmental, and metabolic phenotypes
developed by early humans in Europe and Asia and inherited by modern humans
along with local hominins.
Paleontology still explains the extension of this organ for
millions of years, even though it strongly requires the use of force. The
modern human brain consumes about 13 watts or (260 kcal per day), which is
about one-fifth of the body's energy expenditure. Prolonged use of the
tools will facilitate the hunting of energy-rich meat products and the
processing of energy-rich plant products. Researchers suggest that it is
less likely than early hominin that evolution experienced an increase in the
ability to make and use tools.
Of course, when the ancient people began to use weapons, it
is very difficult to determine, because these tools are very old (e.g., sharp
stones) it is very difficult to determine whether they are natural or man-made
objects. There is some evidence that Australopithecines (4 m) may have
used broken bones as weapons, but this is debatable.
So many species have tried to make and use tools, but the
type of person who controls the areas of making and using the most difficult
tools. One of the oldest known weapons is the flakes, which to Kenya,
in western Turkey, with a history of 3.3 million years ago. The next
ancient stone tools come from Gona, Ethiopia and are considered to be the
origin of Oldovan technology. These tools started about 2.6 million years
ago. Homo cattle have been found near Oldovan tools and their age has been
recorded at 2.3 million years, suggesting that Homo species may have developed
and used these tools. This is indeed happening, but there is currently no
solid evidence.
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